Anatomy vertebra.The spine is composed of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar merged with a set vertebrel coccigiene and sacral. Column stability is the result of three columns. Fracture or loss of stability of 2 columns determines instability. Anteruioara column consists of anterior and the posterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral body. Average column consists of the posterior wall of vertebral body and posterior longitudinal ligament. Posterior column is formed by the vertebral arch.The intervertebral discs make up one quarter of the height of the column. Each vertebra has room to move, in the three translational axes and rotation around each axis. Not all vertebrae are similar, the cervical flexion had the greatest freedom, extension and lateral rotation. Thoracic vertebrae were flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation restricted but free because the ribs are attached, are small, their faces lined joints front and large spinous processes.Has a good lumbar spine flexion and extension with lateral flexion because discuirle are large, are directed to the posterior spinous processes and the girls are directed sagittal joint.
Phases of intervertebral disc degeneration.Intervertebral discs undergo a "degenerative cascade" comprising three phases that occur over decades. Phase I describes the effects of initial dysfunction microtraumei repetitive circumferential cracks develop painful nerves and separating the fibrous ring of the disk surface layer which compromises the nutritional intake of the disc. These radial cracks merge and become the desiccation and disc height reduction. Devin protruzionate and affects the ability to maintain tissue water. Cracks can become the place with the increasing proliferation of vascular and nerve innervation and disk capacity to transmit painful stimuli.Phase II instability is characterized by progressive loss of mechanical integrity of the disk changes, resorption, breaking international and additional cracks, subluxation and instability.During the stabilization phase III disc space collapse and fibrosis continues with the formation of osteophytes and interdisciplinary bridges.
Of all the connective tissues of the intervertebral disc suffers most important changes related to virtsa. In the third decade of life is replaced with the nucleus pulposus and fibrocartilaj distinction between the core and ring disappears. Proteoglicanii, water and protein noncolagenice decrease and increase the concentration of collagen. Increased collagen is most pronounced in the lumbar spine.Biochemically, aging increases the rate of keratin sulfate to chondroitin sulfate, and modifying the proportion of condritin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate compared with concomitant loss of water. Decreases synthesis of proteoglycans, subtracting osmotic swelling and trafficking of oxygen and nutrients. Because stopping the intake of nutrients to the disc and protein metabolic products in stagnant noncolagene disk. Nonenzimatica glycosylation of these metabolites cause yellowing of the disc.
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