Flat feet - flat foot

Flat foot, flat feet or fallen arch is a condition in which plant arch collapses and the entire surface of the foot comes in contact with the ground. In 20% of people never arch does not develop one or both legs.
Flat foot in children because fat is normal arch development and plant masking still incomplete due to normal plant development.Human plantar arch develops in childhood as part of growing muscle, ligament and osase. Training can facilitate training in gymnastics foot arch in childhood between 4 and 6 years old.Parents need to identify the child by tracking flat foot walk, the outer edges of the plant and monitoring the appearance of symptoms of pain or fatigue in outpatient children. Children who experience pain in the leg or around the plant can develop flat feet or already present. Pain and discomfort can develop in the knee.
Progressive flat foot deformity is common in adults. Despite the significant incidence of this condition to pathophysiology is still debated. The term implies won some structural and physiological changes that cause structural deformation of the foot that is normal at a time. Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency or dysfunction has been considered the leading cause of foot flat benefit. Latest research has focused on maintaining the medial longitudinal arch static. Patients with posterior tibial tendon insufficiency shows ligament damage to the extensor and interosseous talocalcanean.Since ligament pathology is as common as that of the posterior tibial tendon, doctors favor the use of the term to describe flat foot won this condition better.
Pathogenesis and causes of flat feet siteHave been described numerous cases of flat foot won, posterior tibial tendon insufficiency is the main cause. Young patients who have rigid flat foot should be evaluated for tarsal fusion, congenital vertical talus or other forms of congenital pathology of the plant.Patients with asymptomatic flat foot can progress eventually to symptomatic disease as degenerative processes to install and turn into rigid flexible deformities.
Inflammatory and degenerative arthritis can be a possible etiology.Degenerative arthritis shows typical signs and symptoms of middle region of the plant with pain and exostoze. Shows the progression of rheumatoid arthritis deformities.Bone and soft tissue trauma may lead to the development of flat foot won. Fracture-dislocation involving the medial column, and Lisfranc joint fracture calcaniene are reported as causes of flat feet or subluxatiei maluniunii won because of chronic joint pain. Plantar fascia tears cause progressive collapse of the medial longitudinal arch.
Flat foot is induced neuropathic etiology of most concern to this condition, Charcot arthropathy induced diabetes comprising up to spinal injuries. Medium secondary plant Charcot collapse neuroartropatiei require another type of treatment to that used for patients with posterior tibial tendon insufficiency of.
Many vascular and degenerative etiologies have been proposed to explain the posterior tibial tendon insufficiency. Clinical records indicate that fractures are common in regions with the greatest mechanical stress, where the tendon curves around the medial maleolelor. This region corresponds to a relatively avascular area.Nontraumatic cracks usually occur in this location hipovasculara suggesting a possible etiology of ischemia and secondary tendinosis.
Histopathological studies have demonstrated the existence of a zone in the same anatomical location fibrocartilaginoase not only alters the normal arrangement of collagen tendon, affecting the ability to counteract the tendon tension forces but is also subject to cracking. These changes lead to disruption of collagen ruotura orientation and structure and predisposes it to rupture.
Risk factors for flat feet:Other clinical conditions that contribute to the posterior tibial tendon dysfunction include diabetes, trauma and exposure to steroids or previous surgery of the medial region of the plant.
Signs and symptoms in flat feetFlat Foot won:Adult flat foot refers to a deformity that develops after skeletal maturity is reached. This must be differentiated from flat foot is a constitutional defect frequency nonpatologica morphology of the foot.Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction patient with pain and swelling initially accused the medial ankle during the support medium and plant weight. While the patient may notice loss of plant arch and tend to go on the internal side of the plant. The patient developed a limp. As the patient's heel valgus and cause the plant to develop a pressure prior abduce between calcaneus and fibula with lateral ankle pain in jail and calcaneus. Note the pattern of abnormal calcium and medial edge of the internal edge shoe.
The patient is first examined in orthostatic position to compare the symptomatic with the asymptomatic leg. Inlatimea arch is measured and compared with asymptomatic leg. In late stages of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is diminished arch and anetrioara plant in abduction. Fingers heel side is visible clinical sign. Demonstration of one or more fingers visible heel side is normal. If abnormal abduction of the plant is observed more than three fingers.Angle that it forms calcium lower leg longitudinal axis should be measured. Tibiocalcanean posterior angle is increased significantly in cases of heel valgus.
The next step is to examine the patient in seated position on the examination table and the posterior tibial tendon palpeaza path to determine its sensitivity. Swelling along the tendon can be seen and can feel the fluid in the tendon sheath. The tendon resistance test by keeping the plant in plantar flexion and foot eversion. During this maneuver tendon must maintain continuity on palpation. Sinus tarsi and distal fibular area are areas of incarceration and should be palpated to determine sensitivity.
Normal dorsiflexie 10-20 degrees are possible, but in cases of flat feet long dorsiflexia is limited due to the development of plantar flexion contractures. During the final stages of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction can be fixed to the subtalar joint eversion. It will assess the flexibility of the plant by maintaining plant supinatie pronation and heel in neutral. Although subtalar joint may be flexible transverse tarsal joint varus may become fixed in the plantigrade position of preventing the previous plant.
Staging posterior tibial tendon dysfunction:-Stage I-peritendonita characterized by degeneration and tendon, but remains normal tendon length, this stage shows the clinical pain and swelling along the tendon sheathSecond-stage tendon becomes elongated and grows deformation supple flat feet. Although deformed in supporting weight, plant passively correctable to neutral areStage III, while the plant is in the back is rigid in valgus deformity and the patient develops rigid flat feetFourth-stage grow as the deltoid ligament becomes incompetent and talus valgus reach.Congenital flat foot:For most children deformation of flexible flat feet do not cause any symptoms. They do not suffer from pain, swelling or cracks planting. Children may wear shoes with flexible flat feet less abnormal than healthy people, but there is reason to worry. In moderately severe cases the patient may report fatigue cracks plants after activities that require prolonged orthostatic position.Severe cases may develop calluses where the pressure is extreme between the bones that have contact with the floor last.Loss of joint stability can impair the ability to absorb loads of foot pressure and adapt to hard surfaces.
Rarely flat foot can worsen with age. excessive pressure on soft tissues adjacent ligaments, capsule, tendons and muscles can lead to malaliniamente the patella, and hallux valgus knee rotation and acoapsei.When the flat foot is a fusion of tarsus leg can be painful, your child may experience pain in the plant and ankle sprain after an injury to a minor and the pain does not remit after normal period of recovery. Pain with limitation of movement and deformation of flat feet should suggest a severe foot problem.