Gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer

    * Introduction
    * Signs and symptoms
    * Diagnosis
    * Treatment
Gallbladder cancer is the fifth form of cancer in the population and the most common form of hepatobiliary cancer. Gallbladder cancer incidence increases with age. 75% of cancer patients are over 64 years. Rates of developing cancer is higher in women than in men.
Gallstones and gallbladder inflammation, cholecystitis are the most common risk factor. Studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives of cancer patients are vesicular five times more likely to develop cancer.
Porcelain gallbladder is characterized by the deposition of calcium in the gallbladder wall. This pathological condition is also a risk factor.
Vesicular cancer does not usually cause symptoms in its early stages of evolution. It is found that when cancer is quite advanced. In advanced stages of clinical presentation include abdominal pain, malaise, jaundice of the skin and whites of the eyes, dark urine, pale stools, anorexia and weight loss.
Most cancers are fatal, but treatment can help control symptoms. It can intervene to remove the tumor surgically, but often it can not be resected completely. If the tumor had spread to other parts of the body may relieve symptoms but chemotherapy is not curative. Cancerulo gallbladder discovered very early in an investigation for gall stones can be successfully resected and the patient can be cured.
Stadierea cancer survival depends. Most patients experience distant metastases at presentation, so the prognosis at 5 years is 15-20% survivors.
Pathogenesis
There are several types of cancer histological vesicular. Over 85% are adenocarcinomas. The rest are rare and include: squamous cell carcinoma, adenoscuamos carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, sarcoma, neuroendocrine tumors, lymphoma and melanoma of the gallbladder. Vesicular cancer occurs in the evolution of chronic inflammations. Over 70% of patients inflammation is the source of gallstones. The gallstones cause cancer 4-5 times.
Other less common causes of inflammation may be associated with vesicular cancer. These may include: sclera cholangitis, ulcerative colitis, hepatitis, chronic infection with Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infection with Helicobacter pylori.
However have been identified, and numerous other factors such as favoring: -Specific drugs: oral contraceptives, methyldopa Exposure to certain chemicals: pesticides, rubber, vinyl chloride -Occupational exposure to textiles, petroleum, paper and products produced by the footwear industry -Exposure to water pollutants: organopesticide, benzene hexaclorat Exposure to heavy metals: cadmium, chromium Exposure to radiation.
Obesity can contribute to the onset of gallbladder cancer in association with gallstones, elevated levels of estrogen secretion or the ability of fat cells to secrete a large number of mediators of inflammation.
A high degree of cancer occurs in hereditary syndromes, including Gardner syndrome, neurofibromatosis type I and nonpolipozic hereditary colon cancer. We now investigate the role of certain oncogenic mutations.
Abnormal anatomy of congenital defects such as abnormal ducts and cysts pancreaticobiliare coledociene also increase cancer risk.
The tumor is usually located in the gallbladder fundus. Local dissemination by vesicular walls can lead to direct invasion of the liver or transperitoneal invasion, implanting neoplasms in the liver, intestine and pelvis. The tumor can directly invade adjacent organs and other such as stomach, duodenum, colon, pancreas and extrahepatic bile duct. The diagnosis of gallbladder cancer is destroyed, and 50% of patients shows metastases in regional lymph nodes.
Causes
Pathological conditions associated with gallbladder cancer include: Chronic gall-stones Calcification of the gall-bladder-porcelain -Ileocolita Crohn's, ulcerative colitis Exposure to chemical products Estrogen-estrogenismul or medication Bacteria-carriers becomes available Anatomical anomalies of the duct-pancreatobiliare -Gallbladder polyps.