Laboratory studies:
Urine-analysis
-Full blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate if the patient isfebrile or if it is suspected spinal abscess, osteomyelitis.
Imaging Studies:
Lumbosacral radiography exposes the reproductive organs to radiation. They should be reserved for cases of trauma or systemicdiseases, infections, malignancies, prolonged corticosteroidtherapy and pediatric groups.
Tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are accuratechoice of vertebrae, paraspinale soft tissue, discs or spinalmarrow. Imaging is necessary in emergencies such asincarceration history of neoplasia or nerve pain associated with paralysis or severe muscle weakness, neurological deficitsassociated with bilateral loss of bladder function, patients who aresuspected epidural hematoma or abscess.
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