Kyphosis

Kyphosis refers to the normal contour of the dorsal axial-thoracic or sacral spine. As a pathological entity is an increased kyphosis of the normal like disease. Deformation can occur only in the sagittal plane or in combination with a coronary anomaly resulting cifoscolioza plan. They identified numerous etiologies of kyphosis.Normal is defined as kyphosis Cobb angle of 20-40 degrees measured from T2-T12.
Pathological kyphosis may affect the cervical spine and the thoracic and lumbar, cervical and lumbar but that is unusual. Any of these areas are abnormal kyphosis. Kyphosis can cause pain and lead to neurological disorders and cardiopulmonary function.Sheuermann postural kyphosis and round back are identified especially in teenagers. Congenital anomalies such as lack of training or lack of segmentation of the spine can cause pathological kyphosis. Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune arthropathy as rigid kyphosis can cause the coalescence of spinal elements. Kyphosis can develop as a result of trauma, spinal tumors or infections. Iatrogenic causes of kyphosis include the effects of radiation laminectomiei and incompetence leading to anterior and posterior columns of spinal stability. Piticismul metabolic disorders and can cause kyphosis.
Kyphosis may be present without symptoms. Sometimes they develop persistent back pain. Kyphosis is seen as change the appearance of the body. The shoulders may appear rounded, upper column more curved than normal. Mild kyphosis that does not cause symptoms is detected only by routine medical examination.Moderate kyphosis can be treated by reducing stress and avoiding weight sustained strenuous activities. The column can be normalized without treatment, spontaneously. When kyphosis is more severe treatment consists of wearing a spinal rod or sleeping on a rigid bed. Treatment relieves symptoms and prevents progression of kyphosis. Rarely, kyphosis worsens despite treatment and require surgery to straighten the spine.
Most patients with a history of kyphosis deformity shows. Patients see a doctor because of poor body posture. The incidence of pain is low, although 20% of patients complain regional discomfort.Localization in patients with lumbar kyphosis, pain is more pronounced.Complications that can develop through chronic back pain include kyphosis, progressive deformity and neurological deficits. After interventional therapy is the most common complication of pseudoarthrosis after instrumentation failure and loss of correction.
Pathogenesis of kyphosisPathogenesis of kyphosis depends on the etiological factors. The exact cause of Scheuermann kyphosis is still vaguely defined. It is believed that the disease derives from avascular necrosis of the ring apophysis. Other theories include histological abnormalities of the vertebrae, osteoporosis and spinal mechanical factors that affect growth. It has been demonstrated and important genetic component in kyphosis.Kyphosis Postural kyphosis is present when pronounced, is seen no more than 5 degree tilt feature three consecutive vertebrae defining Scheuermann kyphosis. It is considered to be the result of muscle imbalance that leads to a look round the back of these patients.When a fracture occurs after focal kyphosis is lost more height in the front towards the rear, typical pattern of fractures. Stifle articulation can apply pressure increases fracture healing spinal cord. Patients with fractures were treated by laminectomy, especially in the chest.Cifosis postinfectioasa intro appears similar manner described.Mechanical integrity of the previous column is lost by the infectious process. Worse bending forces as normal sagittal spinal contour.Congenital kyphosis is caused by birth defects of the spine. It is called primary because it is associated with another case.Scheuermann kyphosis is a primary form. It can develop when the front of the spine do not grow as fast as the rear. Children begin to develop the disease between 12-15 years-during bone development.
Causes and risk factors for kyphosisKyphosis secondary to pathological causes include the following:Connective-tissue diseases, endocrine diseases-Infection, muscular dystrophy, Neurofibromatosis, Paget's disease-Polio, spina bifida, tumors.
Degenerative diseases:Arthritis with inflammation of the spinal joints cause spinal instability and loss of normal spinal movement ability. Arthritis can lead to kyphosis.Degenerative disc disease:This condition is considered to be mediated by age. condition can lead to kyphosis by thinning disc and spine bending for anetrior.Posterior vertebrae protrudes and is starting to bend hipercifotica.Osteoporosis:When bones become porous and weakened by osteoporosis, vertebral compression fractures occur. The column is moving through a fracture or sudden sneezing, coughing, laughing loud.Loose and cause kyphosis vertebrae collapses as the column can no longer sustain.
Iatrogenic kyphosisCifosis postlaminectomie:It is a form of surgical decompression reduces the pressure on the nerves and spinal cord. They can be compressed by a tumor, a herniated disc or bone spurs. Laminectomy removes part of the lamina that covers the spine. It is located posterior. This weakens the muscles supporting the spine and determine its previous shift.Traumatic kyphosisPosterior elements of vertebral fractures:Posterior column-area is essential for stabilization and motion control. If the lamina is broken or fractured joints to the column becomes unstable and will curve forward.Breaking ligementelor rear:Posterior spinal ligaments bring stability, if this column will deflect before breaking.Loss of muscle support:Muscles around the spine have a role in supporting it. If you are harmed can not stabilize the spine, so she will begin to bend forward.Compression fractures:These are caused by osteoporosis or traumatic event making excessive mechanical pressure and stress on the spine.