Wednesday, June 1, 2011

Compartment syndrome - Diagnosis

Laboratory studies:
-hematology and biochemistry, serum myoglobin and creatinine ismeasured to determine muscle necrosis
-serial creatinine levels may increase in a developing compartment syndrome
high levels of creatinine, medical alerts on possible rabdomioize
the blood-urea and creatinine are measured
-potassium level is necessary in cases of rhabdomyolysis
hyperkalaemia can cause severe, possibly fatal arrhythmias
muscle ischemia-anemia worsens
being disseminated intravascular coagulation and will seekcoagulation disorders.

Imaging Studies:
Radiography of the affected limb is used to determine the nature ofthe fracture, soft tissue injuries and radiographic indices that may indicate occult fractures.
MRI can show increased signal intensity in the entire compartment.
CT scanning is especially useful if pelvic syndrome is among thedifferential diagnoses.
Doppler ultrasound of venous or arterial leg is made ​​to determinearterial occlusion and deep vein thrombosis.
Injection technique to directly measure the pressure is a diagnosticcriterion standard and should be the first priority. There are anumber of devices. Stryker pressure tonometer is widely used. The device measures the pressure that is necessary to inject a small amount of liquid. This technique often overestimate low pressuresbut is generally reliable.
Pulse oximetry is helpful in identifying hipoperfuziei limbs. It is notsensitive enough to rule out compartment syndrome.
The differential diagnosis is made ​​with the following conditions:cellulitis, deep vein thrombosis and thrombophlebitis, gaseousgangrene, necrotizing fasciitis, vascular lesions, rhabdomyolysis.

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