ADEM autoimmune inflammatory disease caused by viral infections

ADEM

    * Introduction
    * Symptoms and Diagnosis
    * Treatment
ADEM is an autoimmune inflammatory disease caused by viral infections (encephalitis postinfectioasa) or can occur after vaccination with live attenuated viruses (encephalitis postvirala). It occurs after the immune response to viral infection or a vaccine containing live attenuated viruses, resulting in stimulation of B lymphocytes and polyclonal antibody secretion.
Postinfectioasa acute encephalomyelitis is most commonly caused by viral infections that occur during childhood. Viruses are most commonly incriminated the measles virus, varicella virus, rubella virus, influenza virus and paragripal, Ebstein-Barr virus, mumps virus and infectious mononucleosis virus. A less common cause may be infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In terms of pathologic lesions are found along the veins demyelinating brain lesions that are preceded by infiltrating perivascular congestion and edema. Such lesions are found in the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum and brainstem, and spinal cord. Neurological impairment occurs late in viral disease, which occurs when the skin rash (exanthema) is endangered. The virus is most commonly associated with acute postinfectioasa is virulul measles encephalomyelitis. Encephalomyelitis occurs in 1 in 1,000 children are measles. Compulsory vaccination for the prevention of measles in developed countries has greatly reduced the incidence of measles encephalopathy. In regions where vaccination did not become mandatory, the incidence remains very high encephalomyelitis. In extremely rare cases it can happen that you develop acute encephalomyelitis after immunization with measles vaccine using live attenuated viruses, the incidence is 1-2 cases per 1 million children vaccinated. After infection with measles virus, the most common infection associated with acute encephalomyelitis postinfectioasa are chicken pox and rubella infections.
Acute post-vaccination encephalomyelitis occurs most frequently in relation to rabies vaccination with MMR vaccine (measles vaccine, mumps, rubella). In the past is often associated with smallpox vaccination but are currently eradicated smallpox worldwide vaccination it is more practical. ANTIHEPATITIS B vaccine, Engerix-B, in rare cases may be complicated by encephalomyelitis. If rabies vaccination, the most frequent cases of encephalomyelitis develop after the use of Semple vaccine using viruses grown in the brains of adult animals and then inactivated with phenol, and the incidence of encephalomyelitis was a case of people vaccinated 600-1000. Many post-vaccination encephalitis cases are the result of sensitization to the substance which contaminated brain rabies vaccines. Currently, rabies vaccination using virus grown in duck embryo or human diploid tissue, the method has greatly reduced the incidence of encephalomyelitis after vaccination. Unfortunately, in less developed countries is still used Semple rabies vaccine yet. In the acute encephalomyelitis after vaccination by Semple rabies vaccine and acute encephalitis after infection with measles virus postinfectioasa detected an autoimmune reaction in alkaline major protein found in cerebrospinal fluid of these people.