1. The absence of umbilical artery
It affects the following circumstances:
- gemelaritatea: 5% of the cases at least one of the twins shows this anomaly,compared to 85% of cases of a single fetus (Benirshke and Dodds);
- maternal diabetes, which is triple the incidence of fetal abnormalities;
- spontaneous abortion (1.5 to 2.5%, sometimes in association with chromosomalabnormalities);
- whites, compared with black race.
On the other hand, approximately 30% of infants with umbilical artery shows theabsence of other associated congenital anomalies: major malformations (18%),intrauterine growth retardation (34%), prematurity (17%).
High perinatal mortality observed in infants with absence of umbilical artery is related tocoexistent malformations and complications of prematurity.
Antepartum diagnosis is possible by ultrasound. At birth, the diagnosis is established bygross examination of the cord, to be performed in all cases of diabetes, and twinsvelamentous insertion of the cord. As one of the umbilical arteries may be rudimentaryor thrombosis, the diagnosis requires microscopic examination.
2. Four umbilical vessels
Careful examination of routine umbilical cord may reveal the existence of a rudimentaryvein in 5% of cases (Fox). The combination of this anomaly with a high incidence ofother fetal malformations has not been demonstrated.
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