Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary edema

    * Introduction
    * Clinical
    * Treatment and evolution
Pulmonary edema is an excessive accumulation of fluid in lung tissue, which is a row of primary disease. Heart failure (in industrialized countries) with limited renal function and pathology of blood purification are the most common causes of pulmonary edema. The clinical manifestations are severe: shortness of breath, anxiety, cough and respiratory sounds specific. The severity of pulmonary edema can be ascertained by clinical examination, chest X-ray and blood gas analysis. It is recommended that oxygen and the upright support the upper body. Treatment and prognosis depend on the primary disease triggers.
Definition
Pulmonary edema is an acute or chronic accumulation of body fluid (serous) in lung tissue. Fluid accumulates first in the space of lung tissue (interstitial pulmonary edema) and can be extended up to nivelu alveoli, resulting in an alveolar pulmonary edema. Because at this stage is reduced gas exchange area needed a lot, is chronic deterioration in lung function in lung function in terms of ventilation, gas exchange and vasculature.
They distinguish four stages of pulmonary edema: Stage I, interstitial pulmonary edema: the liquid is only in the spaces between tissues; Stage II alveolar pulmonary edema: fluid reaches the alveoli and even bronchi. Stage III, the formation of foam: In case of large quantities of liquid, it stagnates in the bronchi leading to the formation of foam, which is expectorated ptin sick cough. Stage IV, asphyxia: inadequate oxygen intake determine stopped breathing and blood circulation. Because it is often caused by heart failure, edema is one of the most common diseases in industrialized countries.
Etiology
Case reports of pulmonary edema is the pressure disturbance in the lung. Normally, the lung is in a state of equilibrium between the hydrostatic pressure and ostmotica. Hydrostatic pressure, capillary blood flow responsible for favors fluid out of the pots. Osmotic pressure, which occurs due to blood proteins, acts against loss of fluid from the space intercapilar.
Disorders that lead to pulmonary edema occurs primarily when the osmotic pressure increases or decreases hydrostatic, leading to the exit fluid from the capillaries and their accumulation in lung tissue and even alevolele lung. If the amount exceeds two liters of fluid accumulated lung function is impaired.
May have different causes pulmonary edema, or cardiac etiology Extracardiac. This classification is because heart disease is the most common cause of pulmonary edema.
Cardiac Pulmonary Edema etiology
Pulmonary edema occurs due to heart failure etiology cardiac function, and the stagnation of blood from the left ventricle to the lungs. Because the heart does not manages to pump enough blood throughout the body, increases hydrostatic pressure (the pulmonary veins and capillaries) to 8 mmHg over 25mmHG and liquids enter circulation in pulmonary interstitial spaces and alveoli. This type of pulmonary edema occurs due to left heart failure caused by acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis or an arrhythmia. Pulmonary edema of cardiac etiology and may occur after a chronic shortage of heart left by the defective functioning of the heart valves or chronic hypertension.
Extracardiac Pulmonary Edema etiology
Pulmonary edema may be caused by one of these cases Extracardiac: 1. Deterioration with increased permeability of capillary walls in conditions of normal osmotic and hydrostatic pressure due to allergic reactions, harmful substances or of irritant gases (chlorine, ammonia); 2. Osmotic pressure decrease due to lower absolute plasma proteins (eg in cases of malnutrition or liver pathology); 3. Relative decrease in plasma protein osmotic pressure due to a reduction of excessive fluid intake or low diuresis (in renal pathology: pulmonary edema due to renal failure); 4. So-called "disease of the Heights" is caused by variations in external air pressure.