Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis refers to a fungal infection that affects the toes and hands. It can affect any part of the nail unit, including the nail matrix, nail or nail bed itself. Onychomycosis is not life threatening but can cause pain, discomfort and local deformation, along with occupational and psychological limitations. Effects of psychological and psychosocial impact on quality of life.
Main subtypes of onychomycosis are distal lateral subunghiala onychomycosis, white superficial onychomycosis, onychomycosis subunghiala proximal endonix onychomycosis and candidal onychomycosis. Patients may experience a combination of these. Total distofica Onychomycosis is the most advanced of any subtype.
Onychomycosis is usually asymptomatic patients are so disturbed by the cosmetic discomfort. As the disease progresses it may interfere with walking, bipedal position and exercise. Onychomycosis is caused by dermatophytes, molds and fungi nondermatofite. Risk factors include family history, advanced age, poor health, previous trauma, hot and humid climate, immunosuppression, use of communal bathrooms and shoes rank.
The antifungal treatment of onychomycosis using topical, oral and surgical techniques. Treatment depends on the number of fingers affected, type and severity of onychomycosis. A combination of topical and systemic regimes increase the cure rate.
Pathogenesis of onychomycosisPathogenesis of onychomycosis depends on the clinical subtype. In onychomycosis subunghiala distal side, the most common form of onychomycosis, fungi extend from the plantar skin and invades the nail bed by hiponichium. Inflammation of the musculoskeletal physical signs typical nail onychomycosis determine subunghiale distal side. In contrast, white superficial onychomycosis is a rare presentation caused by direct invasion of the nail surface. In subunghiala proximal onychomycosis, the rarest subtype, the fungi penetrate the nail matrix and proximal nail fold colonize the deep portion of the proximal nail. Endonix Onychomycosis Onychomycosis is a variant of subunghiale distal side, the nail fungus infects the skin and directly invade the nail. Total dystrophic onychomycosis involves the whole nail unit.Invasion by candida fungus is not common because it requires an altered immune response as a factor predisposing to penetrate the nail.
Causes and risk factors for onychomycosisOnychomycosis is caused by three main classes of fungi: dermatophytic fungi and fungi nondermatofitici. Dermatophytic are the most common causes of onychomycosis. Two major pathogens are responsible for 90% of cases of onychomycosis. Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Nondermatofite onychomycosis caused by fungi, species of Fusarium, Scopulariopsis, Aspergillus is becoming increasingly common. Onychomycosis by candida is rare.
Associations between subtypes of onychomycosis and the causative factors:-T. rubrum is the most common pathogen in distal lateral onychomycosis subunghialaSubunghiala-proximal onychomycosis due to T. tubrum is typical for immunosuppressed patientsSubunghiala-proximal onychomycosis with inflammation is caused by fungi nondermatofitice periunghialaSuperficial white onychomycosis, is caused by T. mentagrophytes-Candidate is observed in premature children, immunocompromised and those with chronic mucocutaneous candida.
Risk factors for onychomycosis are these:-History of contact with people affected-Health and poor hygiene-Previous trauma, hot and humid climateClose-shoes, communal bathrooms